Highlights
- •The incidence of emergence delirium is highest in the first hour after emergence from general anesthesia.
- •Emergence delirium after general anesthesia has two dimensions a) emergence agitation and b) emergence sedation.
- •Incidences of overall emergence delirium, emergence agitation and emergence sedation after intracranial surgery were 22%, 4.3% and 18% respectively.
- •Addressing modifiable risk factors may reduce incidence of emergence delirium.
Abstract
Objectives
The primary objective of this study was to estimate the incidence of emergence delirium
(ED) including hypo- and hyperactive ED, after intracranial neurosurgery. Secondary
objective was to identify perioperative risk factors of ED in these patients.
Methods
This prospective observational study was conducted at an academic neurosciences hospital.
All consecutive adult patients (age ≥ 18 years) with a preoperative Glasgow Coma Scale
score of 15 undergoing elective intracranial surgery under general anesthesia during
the six-month period from October 2020 to March 2021 were included in this study.
Perioperative patient data were collected till one hour after surgery. ED was defined
as per Riker’s sedation agitation score (SAS) as hyperactive ED when SAS was >4 and
hypo active ED when SAS was <4 on a 1 to 7 scale.
Results
Data of 320 patients were analyzed in this study. The overall incidence of ED was
22 % (71/320), with incidence of hyperactive ED of 4.3 % (n = 14) and hypoactive ED
of 18 % (n = 57). The risk factors for ED were preoperative delirium (odds ratio [OR],
95 % confidence interval [CI] and p value of 4.41, 1.3–15.19, and 0.002), education
level (OR = 2.21, [0.98–4.94], p = 0.05), minimum alveolar concentration of inhalational
anesthetic (OR = 1.47, [1.17–1.88], p = 0.002), postoperative nausea and vomiting
(OR = 4.56, [2.04–10.32], p = 0.001), and body weight (OR = 1.69, [1.1–2.68], p = 0.02).
Hyperactive ED was predicted by preoperative delirium (OR = 5.28, [1.12–21.21], p = 0.024)
and low education level (OR = 4.35, [1.2–17.04], p = 0.027).
Conclusions
Atleast one in five patients undergoing brain surgery under anesthesia develop ED.
Addressing modifiable risk factors might reduce ED.
Keywords
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Article info
Publication history
Accepted:
August 1,
2022
Received:
March 1,
2022
Identification
Copyright
© 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
