Advertisement
Review| Volume 18, ISSUE 1, P13-22, January 2011

Paraclinoid carotid aneurysms

      Abstract

      Paraclinoid aneurysms originate from the internal carotid artery between the distal dural ring and the posterior communicating artery. Giant, multiple and bilateral aneurysms are more frequent in this group of aneurysms. Surgical clipping of these aneurysms is technically challenging due to the adjacent bony anatomy and neurovascular structures. Operative mortality has been reduced substantially due to advances in microsurgical techniques. However, there is still no uniformity with respect to the surgical procedures used, especially regarding the use of skull-base approaches and resection of the anterior clinoid process. Due to the complexity of these aneurysms, endovascular procedures are used frequently to treat these aneurysms. We have reviewed the anatomical, radiological aspects and classification of paraclinoid aneurysms. Surgical and endovascular management options are also reviewed.

      Keywords

      To read this article in full you will need to make a payment

      Purchase one-time access:

      Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online access
      One-time access price info
      • For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
      • For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'

      Subscribe:

      Subscribe to Journal of Clinical Neuroscience
      Already a print subscriber? Claim online access
      Already an online subscriber? Sign in
      Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect

      References

        • Nutik S.
        Carotid paraclinoid aneurysms with intradural origin and intracavernous location.
        J Neurosurg. 1978; 48: 526-533
        • Heros R.C.
        • Nelson P.B.
        • Ojemann R.G.
        • et al.
        Large and giant paraclinoid aneurysms: surgical techniques, complications, and results.
        Neurosurgery. 1983; 12: 153-163
        • Batjer H.H.
        • Kopitnik T.A.
        • Giller C.A.
        • et al.
        Surgery for paraclinoidal carotid artery aneurysms.
        J Neurosurg. 1994; 80: 650-658
        • De Jesus O.
        • Sekhar L.N.
        • Riedel C.J.
        Clinoid and paraclinoid aneurysms: surgical anatomy, operative techniques, and outcome.
        Surg Neurol. 1999; 51: 477-488
        • Kinouchi H.
        • Mizoi K.
        • Nagamine Y.
        • et al.
        Anterior paraclinoid aneurysms.
        J Neurosurg. 2002; 96: 1000-1005
        • Barami K.
        • Hernandez V.S.
        • Diaz F.G.
        • et al.
        Paraclinoid carotid aneurysms: surgical management, complications, and outcome based on a new classification scheme.
        Skull Base. 2003; 13: 31-41
        • Iihara K.
        • Murao K.
        • Sakai N.
        • et al.
        Unruptured paraclinoid aneurysms: a management strategy.
        J Neurosurg. 2003; 99: 241-247
        • Liu Y.
        • You C.
        • He M.
        • et al.
        Microneurosurgical management of the clinoid and paraclinoid aneurysms.
        Neurol Res. 2008; 30: 552-556
        • Horiuchi T.
        • Tanaka Y.
        • Kusano Y.
        • et al.
        Relationship between the ophthalmic artery and the dural ring of the internal carotid artery. Clinical article.
        J Neurosurg. 2009; 111: 119-123
        • Drake C.G.
        • Vanderlinden R.G.
        • Amacher A.L.
        Carotid-ophthalmic aneurysms.
        J Neurosurg. 1968; 29: 24-31
        • Almeida G.M.
        • Shibata M.K.
        • Bianco E.
        Carotid-ophthalmic aneurysms.
        Surg Neurol. 1976; 5: 41-45
        • Sengupta R.P.
        • Gryspeerdt G.L.
        • Hankinson J.
        Carotid-ophthalmic aneurysms.
        J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1976; 39: 837-853
        • Ferguson G.G.
        • Drake C.G.
        Carotid-ophthalmic aneurysms: visual abnormalities in 32 patients and the results of treatment.
        Surg Neurol. 1981; 16: 1-8
        • Dolenc V.V.
        A combined epi- and subdural direct approach to carotid-ophthalmic artery aneurysms.
        J Neurosurg. 1985; 62: 667-672
        • Kumon Y.
        • Sakaki S.
        • Kohno K.
        • et al.
        Asymptomatic, unruptured carotid-ophthalmic artery aneurysms: angiographical differentiation of each type, operative results, and indications.
        Surg Neurol. 1997; 48: 465-472
        • Day A.L.
        Aneurysms of the ophthalmic segment. A clinical and anatomical analysis.
        J Neurosurg. 1990; 72: 677-691
        • Raco A.
        • Frati A.
        • Santoro A.
        • et al.
        Long-term surgical results with aneurysms involving the ophthalmic segment of the carotid artery.
        J Neurosurg. 2008; 108: 1200-1210
        • Huynh-Le P.
        • Natori Y.
        • Sasaki T.
        Surgical anatomy of the anterior clinoid process.
        J Clin Neurosci. 2004; 11: 283-287
        • Avci E.
        • Bademci G.
        • Ozturk A.
        Microsurgical landmarks for safe removal of anterior clinoid process.
        Minim Invasive Neurosurg. 2005; 48: 268-272
        • Noguchi A.
        • Balasingam V.
        • Shiokawa Y.
        • et al.
        Extradural anterior clinoidectomy. Technical note.
        J Neurosurg. 2005; 102: 945-950
        • El-Kalliny M.
        • Keller J.T.
        • van Loveren H.R.
        • et al.
        Anatomy of the anterior clinoid process: a surgical perspective.
        in: Samii M. Skull base surgery. Karger, Basel1994: 75-77
        • Kyoshima K.
        • Koike G.
        • Hokama M.
        • et al.
        A classification of juxta-dural ring aneurysms with reference to surgical anatomy.
        J Clin Neurosci. 1996; 3: 61-64
        • Gonzalez L.F.
        • Walker M.T.
        • Zabramski J.M.
        • et al.
        Distinction between paraclinoid and cavernous sinus aneurysms with computed tomographic angiography.
        Neurosurgery. 2003; 52: 1131-1139
        • Kobayashi S.
        • Kyoshima K.
        • Gibo H.
        • et al.
        Carotid cave aneurysms of the internal carotid artery.
        J Neurosurg. 1989; 70: 216-221
        • Seoane E.
        • Rhoton Jr., A.L.
        • de Oliveira E.
        Microsurgical anatomy of the dural collar (carotid collar) and rings around the clinoid segment of the internal carotid artery.
        Neurosurgery. 1998; 42: 869-886
        • Kothandaram P.
        • Dawson B.H.
        • Kruyt R.C.
        Carotid-ophthalmic aneurysms. A study of 19 patients.
        J Neurosurg. 1971; 34: 544-548
        • al-Rodhan N.R.
        • Piepgras D.G.
        • Sundt Jr, T.M.
        Transitional cavernous aneurysms of the internal carotid artery.
        Neurosurgery. 1993; 33: 993-998
        • Nagasawa S.
        • Deguchi J.
        • Arai M.
        • et al.
        Topographic anatomy of paraclinoid carotid artery aneurysms: usefulness of MR angiographic source images.
        Neuroradiology. 1997; 39: 341-343
        • Hoh B.L.
        • Carter B.S.
        • Budzik R.F.
        • et al.
        Results after surgical and endovascular treatment of paraclinoid aneurysms by a combined neurovascular team.
        Neurosurgery. 2001; 48: 78-90
        • Mikami T.
        • Minamida Y.
        • Koyanagi I.
        • et al.
        Anatomical variations in pneumatization of the anterior clinoid process.
        J Neurosurg. 2007; 106: 170-174
        • Gean A.D.
        • Pile-Spellman J.
        • Heros R.C.
        A pneumatized anterior clinoid mimicking an aneurysm on MR imaging. Report of two cases.
        J Neurosurg. 1989; 71: 128-132
        • Bolger W.E.
        • Butzin C.A.
        • Parsons D.S.
        Paranasal sinus bony anatomic variations and mucosal abnormalities: CT analysis for endoscopic sinus surgery.
        Laryngoscope. 1991; 101: 56-64
        • DeLano M.C.
        • Fun F.Y.
        • Zinreich S.J.
        Relationship of the optic nerve to the posterior paranasal sinuses: a CT anatomic study.
        AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1996; 17: 669-675
        • Arslan H.
        • Aydinlioglu A.
        • Bozkurt M.
        • et al.
        Anatomic variations of the paranasal sinuses: CT examination for endoscopic sinus surgery.
        Auris Nasus Larynx. 1999; 26: 39-48
        • Sirikci A.
        • Bayazit Y.A.
        • Bayram M.
        • et al.
        Variations of sphenoid and related structures.
        Eur Radiol. 2000; 10: 844-848
        • Citardi M.J.
        • Gallivan R.P.
        • Batra P.S.
        • et al.
        Quantitative computer-aided computed tomography analysis of sphenoid sinus anatomical relationships.
        Am J Rhinol. 2004; 18: 173-178
        • Sapci T.
        • Derin E.
        • Almac S.
        • et al.
        The relationship between the sphenoid and the posterior ethmoid sinuses and the optic nerves in Turkish patients.
        Rhinology. 2004; 42: 30-34
        • Punt J.
        Some observations on aneurysms of the proximal internal carotid artery.
        J Neurosurg. 1979; 51: 151-154
        • Taptas J.N.
        Intradural and extradural ICA.
        J Neurosurg. 1979; 51: 877-878
        • Hashimoto K.
        • Nozaki K.
        • Hashimoto N.
        Optic strut as a radiographic landmark in evaluating neck location of a paraclinoid aneurysm.
        Neurosurgery. 2006; 59: 880-897
        • Hirai T.
        • Kai Y.
        • Morioka M.
        • et al.
        Differentiation between paraclinoid and cavernous sinus aneurysms with contrast-enhanced 3D constructive interference in steady-state MR imaging.
        AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2008; 29: 130-133
        • Thines L.
        • Delmaire C.
        • Le Gars D.
        • et al.
        MRI location of the distal dural ring plane: anatomoradiological study and application to paraclinoid carotid artery aneurysms.
        Eur Radiol. 2006; 16: 479-488
        • Murayama Y.
        • Sakurama K.
        • Satoh K.
        • et al.
        Identification of the carotid artery dural ring by using three-dimensional computerized tomography angiography. Technical note.
        J Neurosurg. 2001; 95: 533-536
        • Ito K.
        • Hongo K.
        • Kakizawa Y.
        • et al.
        Three-dimensional contrast medium-enhanced computed tomographic cisternography for preoperative evaluation of surgical anatomy of intradural paraclinoid aneurysms of the internal carotid artery: technical note.
        Neurosurgery. 2002; 51: 1089-1093
        • Wiebers D.O.
        • Whisnant J.P.
        • Huston 3rd, J.
        • et al.
        Unruptured intracranial aneurysms: natural history, clinical outcome, and risks of surgical and endovascular treatment.
        Lancet. 2003; 362: 103-110
        • Komotar R.J.
        • Mocco J.
        • Solomon R.A.
        Guidelines for the surgical treatment of unruptured intracranial aneurysms: the first annual J. Lawrence pool memorial research symposium–controversies in the management of cerebral aneurysms.
        Neurosurgery. 2008; 62: 183-194
        • Sekhar L.N.
        • Sen C.N.
        • Jho H.D.
        Saphenous vein graft bypass of the cavernous internal carotid artery.
        J Neurosurg. 1990; 72: 35-41
        • Nishioka H.
        Report on the cooperative study of intracranial aneurysms and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Section VII. I. Evaluation of the conservative management of ruptured intracranial aneurysms.
        J Neurosurg. 1966; 25: 574-592
        • Kak V.K.
        • Taylor A.R.
        • Gordon D.S.
        Proximal carotid ligation for internal carotid aneurysms. A long-term follow-up study.
        J Neurosurg. 1973; 39: 503-513
        • Kattner K.A.
        • Bailes J.
        • Fukushima T.
        Direct surgical management of large bulbous and giant aneurysms involving the paraclinoid segment of the internal carotid artery: report of 29 cases.
        Surg Neurol. 1998; 49: 471-480
        • Lawton M.T.
        • Hamilton M.G.
        • Morcos J.J.
        • et al.
        Revascularization and aneurysm surgery: current techniques, indications, and outcome.
        Neurosurgery. 1996; 38: 83-94
        • Murakami K.
        • Shimizu H.
        • Matsumoto Y.
        • et al.
        Acute ischemic complications after therapeutic parent artery occlusion with revascularization for complex internal carotid artery aneurysms.
        Surg Neurol. 2009; 71: 434-441
        • Higashida R.T.
        • Halbach V.V.
        • Dowd C.F.
        • et al.
        Intracranial aneurysms: interventional neurovascular treatment with detachable balloons – results in 215 cases.
        Radiology. 1991; 178: 663-670
        • Serbinenko F.A.
        Balloon catheterization and occlusion of major cerebral vessels.
        J Neurosurg. 1974; 41: 125-145
        • Debrun G.
        • Lacour P.
        • Caron J.P.
        • et al.
        Detachable balloon and calibrated-leak balloon techniques in the treatment of cerebral vascular lesions.
        J Neurosurg. 1978; 49: 635-649
        • Kessler L.A.
        • Wholey M.H.
        Carotid artery occlusion in the management of selected giant intracranial aneurysms and carotid cavernous fistula: percutaneous use of the balloon catheter.
        Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 1981; 4: 187-192
        • Fox A.J.
        • Vinuela F.
        • Pelz D.M.
        • et al.
        Use of detachable balloons for proximal artery occlusion in the treatment of unclippable cerebral aneurysms.
        J Neurosurg. 1987; 66: 40-46
        • Serbinenko F.A.
        • Filatov J.M.
        • Spallone A.
        • et al.
        Management of giant intracranial ICA aneurysms with combined extracranial–intracranial anastomosis and endovascular occlusion.
        J Neurosurg. 1990; 73: 57-63
        • Higashida R.T.
        • Halbach V.V.
        • Dowd C.
        • et al.
        Endovascular detachable balloon embolization therapy of cavernous carotid artery aneurysms: results in 87 cases.
        J Neurosurg. 1990; 72: 857-863
        • Weil S.M.
        • van Loveren H.R.
        • Tomsick T.A.
        • et al.
        Management of inoperable cerebral aneurysms by the navigational balloon technique.
        Neurosurgery. 1987; 21: 296-302
        • Batjer H.H.
        • Samson D.S.
        Retrograde suction decompression of giant paraclinoidal aneurysms. Technical note.
        J Neurosurg. 1990; 73: 305-306
        • Fan Y.W.
        • Chan K.H.
        • Lui W.M.
        • et al.
        Retrograde suction decompression of paraclinoid aneurysm – a revised technique.
        Surg Neurol. 1999; 51: 129-131
        • Scott J.A.
        • Horner T.G.
        • Leipzig T.J.
        Retrograde suction decompression of an ophthalmic artery aneurysm using balloon occlusion. Technical note.
        J Neurosurg. 1991; 75: 146-147
        • Fahlbusch R.
        • Nimsky C.
        • Huk W.
        Open surgery of giant paraclinoid aneurysms improved by intraoperative angiography and endovascular retrograde suction decompression.
        Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1997; 139: 1026-1032
        • Parkinson R.J.
        • Bendok B.R.
        • Getch C.C.
        • et al.
        Retrograde suction decompression of giant paraclinoid aneurysms using a No. 7 French balloon-containing guide catheter. Technical note.
        J Neurosurg. 2006; 105: 479-481
        • Steiger H.J.
        • Lins F.
        • Mayer T.
        • et al.
        Temporary aneurysm orifice balloon occlusion as an alternative to retrograde suction decompression for giant paraclinoid internal carotid artery aneurysms: technical note.
        Neurosurgery. 2005; 56: E442
        • Hoh D.J.
        • Larsen D.W.
        • Elder J.B.
        • et al.
        Novel use of an endovascular embolectomy device for retrograde suction decompression-assisted clip ligation of a large paraclinoid aneurysm: technical case report.
        Neurosurgery. 2008; 62: ONSE412-ONSE414
        • Fulkerson D.H.
        • Horner T.G.
        • Payner T.D.
        • et al.
        Endovascular retrograde suction decompression as an adjunct to surgical treatment of ophthalmic aneurysms: analysis of risks and clinical outcomes.
        Neurosurgery. 2009; 64: 107-112
        • Giannotta S.L.
        Ophthalmic segment aneurysm surgery.
        Neurosurgery. 2002; 50: 558-562
        • Beretta F.
        • Andaluz N.
        • Zuccarello M.
        Aneurysms of the ophthalmic (C6) segment of the internal carotid artery: treatment options and strategies based on a clinical series.
        J Neurosurg Sci. 2004; 48: 149-156
        • Nagasawa S.
        • Ohta T.
        • Tsuda E.
        Surgical results and the related topographic anatomy in paraclinoid internal carotid artery aneurysms.
        Neurol Res. 1996; 18: 401-408
        • Miyazawa N.
        • Nukui H.
        • Mitsuka S.
        • et al.
        Treatment of intradural paraclinoidal aneurysms.
        Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1999; 39: 727-734
        • Zhao J.
        • Wang S.
        • Zhao Y.
        • et al.
        Microneurosurgical management of carotid-ophthalmic aneurysms.
        J Clin Neurosci. 2006; 13: 330-333
        • Nutik S.L.
        Removal of the anterior clinoid process for exposure of the proximal intracranial carotid artery.
        J Neurosurg. 1988; 69: 529-534
        • Kim J.M.
        • Romano A.
        • Sanan A.
        • et al.
        Microsurgical anatomic features and nomenclature of the paraclinoid region.
        Neurosurgery. 2000; 46: 670-682
        • Froelich S.C.
        • Aziz K.M.
        • Levine N.B.
        • et al.
        Refinement of the extradural anterior clinoidectomy: surgical anatomy of the orbitotemporal periosteal fold.
        Neurosurgery. 2007; 61: 179-186
        • Chi J.H.
        • Sughrue M.
        • Kunwar S.
        • et al.
        The “yo-yo” technique to prevent cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea after anterior clinoidectomy for proximal internal carotid artery aneurysms.
        Neurosurgery. 2006; 59: ONS101-ONS107
        • Kakizawa Y.
        • Tanaka Y.
        • Orz Y.
        • et al.
        Parameters for contralateral approach to ophthalmic segment aneurysms of the internal carotid artery.
        Neurosurgery. 2000; 47: 1130-1137
        • Nakao S.
        • Kikuchi H.
        • Takahashi N.
        Successful clipping of carotid-ophthalmic aneurysms through a contralateral pterional approach. Report of two cases.
        J Neurosurg. 1981; 54: 532-536
        • Fernandez Zubillaga A.
        • Guglielmi G.
        • Vinuela F.
        • et al.
        Endovascular occlusion of intracranial aneurysms with electrically detachable coils: correlation of aneurysm neck size and treatment results.
        AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1994; 15: 815-820
        • Thornton J.
        • Aletich V.A.
        • Debrun G.M.
        • et al.
        Endovascular treatment of paraclinoid aneurysms.
        Surg Neurol. 2000; 54: 288-299
        • Heran N.S.
        • Song J.K.
        • Kupersmith M.J.
        • et al.
        Large ophthalmic segment aneurysms with anterior optic pathway compression: assessment of anatomical and visual outcomes after endosaccular coil therapy.
        J Neurosurg. 2007; 106: 968-975
        • Jin S.C.
        • Kwon do H.
        • Ahn J.S.
        • et al.
        Clinical and radiogical outcomes of endovascular detachable coil embolization in paraclinoid aneurysms: a 10-year experience.
        J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2009; 45: 5-10
        • Park H.K.
        • Horowitz M.
        • Jungreis C.
        • et al.
        Endovascular treatment of paraclinoid aneurysms: experience with 73 patients.
        Neurosurgery. 2003; 53: 14-23
        • Schmidt G.W.
        • Oster S.F.
        • Golnik K.C.
        • et al.
        Isolated progressive visual loss after coiling of paraclinoid aneurysms.
        AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2007; 28: 1882-1889
        • Bavinzski G.
        • Killer M.
        • Ferraz-Leite H.
        • et al.
        Endovascular therapy of idiopathic cavernous aneurysms over 11 years.
        AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1998; 19: 559-565
        • Berenstein A.
        • Ransohoff J.
        • Kupersmith M.
        • et al.
        Transvascular treatment of giant aneurysms of the cavernous carotid and vertebral arteries. Functional investigation and embolization.
        Surg Neurol. 1984; 21: 3-12
        • Hacein-Bey L.
        • Connolly Jr., E.S.
        • Duong H.
        • et al.
        Treatment of inoperable carotid aneurysms with endovascular carotid occlusion after extracranial-intracranial bypass surgery.
        Neurosurgery. 1997; 41: 1225-1234
        • Halbach V.V.
        • Higashida R.T.
        • Dowd C.F.
        • et al.
        Cavernous internal carotid artery aneurysms treated with electrolytically detachable coils.
        J Neuroophthalmol. 1997; 17: 231-239
        • Meyer F.B.
        • Friedman J.A.
        • Nichols D.A.
        • et al.
        Surgical repair of clinoidal segment carotid artery aneurysms unsuitable for endovascular treatment.
        Neurosurgery. 2001; 48: 476-486

      Linked Article

      • Commentary: Paraclinoid carotid aneurysms
        Journal of Clinical NeuroscienceVol. 18Issue 1
        • Preview
          Javalkar et al.,1 in this issue of the Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, have provided an excellent analysis of the current thinking regarding management of paraclinoid aneurysms and ophthalmic aneurysms, by both endovascular and surgical techniques. However, this comprehensive analysis and classification, in my view, overcomplicates the treatment of these aneurysms and may create fear that these aneurysms are of such complexity that they should be always considered first for endovascular repair.
        • Full-Text
        • PDF